金山科研平台，产品价格货期咨询微信：jinshanbio Source:Human embryonic kidney cell, HEK293-derived, Ala279-Ser390 Accession #:P01137 N-terminal Sequence Analysis:Ala279 Structure:Disulfide-linked homodimer Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain. Predicted Molecular Mass:12.8 kDa (monomer) SDS-PAGE:11 kDa, reducing conditions Activity:Measured by its ability to inhibit the IL-4-dependent proliferation of HT‑2 mouse Tcells. Tsang,M. etal. (1995) Cytokine 7:389.The ED₅₀ for this effect is typically 0.04-0.2 ng/mL. Molecule Information: TGF-beta 1 Long Name: Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 Aliases: TGFB1 Entrez Gene IDs: 7040 (Human); 21803 (Mouse); 59086 (Rat); 397078 (Porcine) Background: TGF-beta Family Ligands

Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1, 2, and 3 (TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3) are highly pleiotropic cytokines that virtually all cell types secrete. TGF-beta molecules are proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Targeted deletions of these genes in mice show that each TGF-beta isoform has some non-redundant functions: TGF-beta 1 is involved in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation; TGF-beta 2 affects development of cardiac, lung, craniofacial, limb, eye, ear, and urogenital systems; and TGF-beta 3 influences palatogenesis and pulmonary development. The full range of in vitro biological activities of TGF-beta 5 has not yet been explored. However, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3, and TGF-beta 5 have been found to be largely interchangeable in an inhibitory bioassay, and it is anticipated that TGF-beta 5 will show a spectrum of activities similar to the other TGF-beta family members. To date, the production of TGF-beta 5 has only been demonstrated in Xenopus.

TGF-beta ligands are initially synthesized as precursor proteins that undergo proteolytic cleavage. The mature segments form active ligand dimers via a disulfide-rich core consisting of the characteristic 'cysteine knot'. TGF-beta signaling begins with binding to a complex of the accessory receptor betaglycan (also known as TGF-beta RIII) and a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor termed TGF-beta RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, either ALK-1 or TGF-beta RI (also called ALK-5). The activated type I receptor phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription. Use of other signaling pathways that are Smad-independent allows for distinct actions observed in response to TGF-beta in different contexts.